Co-definition and evaluation of sustainable beef farming systems based on resources non edible by humans
Context & Objectives
Due to a growing world population and changing consumption patterns, demand for animal products is expected to increase. Ruminant-based systems have the potential advantage of using resources non edible by humans and converting these into high quality human food. However, the emergence of intensive ruminant production systems, relying on increasing use of concentrate feeds, with food value, and the related increase in land abandonment in traditional grassland regions, has increased scrutiny in respect of the sustainability of EU livestock productions. Moreover the consumers’ point of view, the social acceptability of cattle products is being questioned with regards to food quality and safety, animal welfare and the competition between feed and food.
To face these drawbacks, we hypothesize that cattle farming systems which rely mainly on grasslands and agro-industrial resources non-edible by humans are more or can be designed to be more sustainable than specialized systems which use feedstuffs that could also be directly used as food or that was produced at the detriment of food production. In addition such systems would greatly contribute to circular economy. Our measure of sustainability includes, environmental and social dimensions as well as economic perspectives taking into account the services delivered by these systems. Our proposal focuses on beef production systems as they are increasingly questioned by society.
To test this, actual and potential performances of systems representative of Europe were compared, mobilizing multidisciplinary and multi-actors approaches to co-define 1-beef system types, 2-the set of sustainability indicators to be mobilized, 3-potential levers for more sustainable systems.
Implementation plan
To reach these objectives, the project is structured as follows:
- WP1 ensure the scientific and financial coordination of the overall project and promote the exploitation and dissemination of the results.
through a multi-actors and multicriteria approaches, the indicators to characterize systems’ sustainability and their relative weight
beef systems typology, based on expert knowledge, national statistics and commercial farm data
estimate current contribution of beef production systems to food security
- WP3 simulate farm systems economic, environmental and social performances – including ecosystem services - for the selected farm types under the actual context and scenarios of evolution.
- WP4 identify innovations to improve systems efficiency and, on these bases, propose alternative scenarios.
Main outputs of the project
Methodological outputs
template to describe technical, structural and economic characteristics of beef production farming system (deliverable 2.1)
Definition of a multi-criteria evaluation method, with an emphasis on the evaluation of the contribution of beef farming system to food security (deliverable 2.2)
Development of the farmdyn model: new programming codes to simulate suckler cow production systems and intercropping, addition of sustainability indicators and graphic interface to display main results (deliverables 3.1 & 3.2)
Main references produced :
Technical, structural and economic description of 15 case studies representative of cattle farming systems in Ireland, France, Belgium, Italy and Germany (deliverable 2.1)
References for the contribution of those systems too food security (production of human edible protein and energy per ha, feed/food competition, land use, meat production costs..) (scientific paper: Mosnier et al., 2021, Agr. Syst)
Description of 20 innovations that could reduce feed-food competition (Deliverable 4.1 & 4.2)
Localisation of the 16 European beef production systems analyzed
Main conclusions
- Contribution of beef production systems to food security
15+1 representative beef production systems in France, Belgium, Ireland, Italy and Germany and covers cow-calf systems, finishing systems, dairy and mixed dairy- finishing systems, with or without cash crops are described. The type and quantity of feed consumed by the animals was the basis for the calculation of the consumption of resources that are edible by human, such as cereals. Cow-calf farms consume little concentrated feed. Grass resources are generally sufficient to cover the needs of the growing animal. Finishing systems require considerably more concentrated feed in energy for their animals to deposit fat. However, these values vary from farm to farm depending on their degree of intensification, such as IT-F2 which uses four times as much feed as GE-F2 where animals exhibit low average daily gains. Two of the farms with a dairy herd and cow-calf-fattener system have intermediate feed consumptions. The German dairy farmer GE-DF uses a large amount of corn silage due to its zero-grazing herd management.
At the farm level, systems producing both beef and milk or cereals have higher Human Edible Protein and Energy (HEP and HEE) production per hectare (up to 370 kg of HEP and 60,000 106J.ha−1) than specialized beef systems (up to 50 kg of HEP and 1600 106J.ha−1) and have lower production costs (approximately €6 kg−1 of HEP in mixed beef system and €29 kg−1 of HEP in a specialized cow-calf-fattener system). Beef systems are almost all HEE net consumers. Results are more variable concerning net HEP efficiency (= net efficiency of conversion of plant proteins or energy into beef protein or energy). The cow-calf enterprises are mostly net producers of HEP (efficiency greater than 1) but, in order to produce human edible meat, these systems need to be combined with finishing systems that are mostly net consumers of HEP. In most cases, cow-calf-finishing systems are net consumers of HEP (between 0.6 and 0.7) but grass-based systems using very little concentrates or systems using co-products not edible by humans are net HEP producers. The grass-based systems use more land area per kilogram of carcass but a major part of this area is non-tilled land (38 to 80 m² of non tillable per kg of carcass with less than 2 m² of tillable land per kg carc.), thus these systems are not in direct competition with human food production. The lowest meat production costs are the finishing systems producing the most live weight per livestock unit (LU) per year (2.4 €/kg carc) and dairy systems in lowland (5.1 €/kg carc) which share the costs between milk and meat. Although most of HEE and HEP efficient farms typically have higher meat production costs, some grassland based systems stand out positively for all indicators. These results pave the way for improvements of the contribution of beef production systems to food security.
- Potential innovations discussed with farmers and stakeholders
The 20 innovations discussed with stakeholders aimed at : 1) improving the use and management of grass and fodders by increasing the grazing efficiency (cattle fattening on pastures, fast rotational grazing), adapting animals to pastures (crossbreeding spring calving), improving forage quality (alfalfa and red clover, hay dired in barn) and introducing human non edible fodder from cropping systems (cover crops for fodder, intergrated crop-livestock systems), 2) replacing concentrate with by-product by using new by-products (oil seed cakes in animal feeding, dried stoned olive pomace, whey), and by improving the conservation of by product ( local pulps and by- product in a single silo), 3) limiting meat production to non-competitive feed (ecological leftover), 4) insert alternative feed products in the cattle diet (insect, algae), 5) act on feed efficiency (genomic selection, precision livestock feeding), 6) optimizing existing agro systems (genomic selection, terminal cross breeding, agroforestry).
The most relevant innovations identified during the 10 focus groups organized in the different countries are : grass fattening, dynamic rotational grazing, genomic selection, production of fodder through cover crops, use of by products, alfalfa and red clover as protein supplement, with differences in classification between regions and crountries.
- Simulation of scenarios to reduce feed-food competition based on Farmdyn (WP3)
The global results indicated that potential innovations have to be analysed in the context of a region and particularities of the farms where they are planned to be implemented. New feedstuff originating from other sectors, like algae, have the potential to both reduce feed food competition and improve sustainability. However, the success of such an innovation depend, for example, on its price, if too high, it is not adopted, but if too low, it may replace otherwise more desirable feedstuff from an overall sustainability point of view, such as grass silage. New breeding strategies, like crossbreeding and semen sexing, may improve sustainability as higher yielding animals are selected, and the amount of animals for herd replacement is reduced. However, this may lead to “over intensification”, for instance, by increasing the share of concentrates being fed to animals with unfavourable environmental footprints as a result. Fast rotational grazing, and the use of catch crop for livestock feeding, were among the most promising innovations, although their implementation might be hampered by limited access to adjacent fields and distance from the farmyard.
This research was made possible by funding from SusAn, an ERA-Net co-funded under European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (www.era-SusAn.eu), under Grant Agreement n°696231
By browsing our site you accept the installation and use cookies on your computer.
Know more
About cookies
What is a "cookie"?
A "cookie" is a piece of information, usually small and identified by a name, which may be sent to your browser by a website you are visiting. Your web browser will store it for a period of time, and send it back to the web server each time you log on again.
Different types of cookies are placed on the sites:
Cookies strictly necessary for the proper functioning of the site
Cookies deposited by third party sites to improve the interactivity of the site, to collect statistics
Cookies strictly necessary for the site to function
These cookies allow the main services of the site to function optimally. You can technically block them using your browser settings but your experience on the site may be degraded.
Furthermore, you have the possibility of opposing the use of audience measurement tracers strictly necessary for the functioning and current administration of the website in the cookie management window accessible via the link located in the footer of the site.
Technical cookies
Name of the cookie
Purpose
Shelf life
CAS and PHP session cookies
Login credentials, session security
Session
Tarteaucitron
Saving your cookie consent choices
12 months
Audience measurement cookies (AT Internet)
Name of the cookie
Purpose
Shelf life
atid
Trace the visitor's route in order to establish visit statistics.
13 months
atuserid
Store the anonymous ID of the visitor who starts the first time he visits the site
13 months
atidvisitor
Identify the numbers (unique identifiers of a site) seen by the visitor and store the visitor's identifiers.
13 months
About the AT Internet audience measurement tool :
AT Internet's audience measurement tool Analytics is deployed on this site in order to obtain information on visitors' navigation and to improve its use.
The French data protection authority (CNIL) has granted an exemption to AT Internet's Web Analytics cookie. This tool is thus exempt from the collection of the Internet user's consent with regard to the deposit of analytics cookies. However, you can refuse the deposit of these cookies via the cookie management panel.
Good to know:
The data collected are not cross-checked with other processing operations
The deposited cookie is only used to produce anonymous statistics
The cookie does not allow the user's navigation on other sites to be tracked.
Third party cookies to improve the interactivity of the site
This site relies on certain services provided by third parties which allow :
to offer interactive content;
improve usability and facilitate the sharing of content on social networks;
view videos and animated presentations directly on our website;
protect form entries from robots;
monitor the performance of the site.
These third parties will collect and use your browsing data for their own purposes.
How to accept or reject cookies
When you start browsing an eZpublish site, the appearance of the "cookies" banner allows you to accept or refuse all the cookies we use. This banner will be displayed as long as you have not made a choice, even if you are browsing on another page of the site.
You can change your choices at any time by clicking on the "Cookie Management" link.